Integrative Review Of Psychological Frameworks In Mental Health Diagnosis

Abstract

The diagnosis of mental illness has evolved from theory-driven formulations to largely descriptive, symptom-based systems designed to improve reliability. Although this shift enhanced inter-rater consistency, it also introduced concerns regarding reductionism and limited clinical utility. This integrative review examines the contributions and limitations of major psychological and biomedical theories biological, psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, and sociological in psychiatric diagnosis. Evidence suggests that reliance on single theoretical frameworks contributes to diagnostic error and incomplete case conceptualization. The review synthesizes empirical literature indicating that multi-theoretical integration, particularly within the biopsychosocial model, improves diagnostic precision, enhances case formulation, and strengthens treatment alignment. The findings support the argument that diagnosis should extend beyond symptom classification to include aetiological, contextual, and functional understanding, especially in multicultural contexts such as Nigeria. The study concludes that structured integration of diverse theoretical perspectives is essential for comprehensive and clinically useful psychological diagnosis.